Medium for photon energy up-conversion

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a medium for photon energy up-conversion, a photon-energy up-conversion device comprising said medium and to uses of said medium. The present invention also relates to a method of photon energy up-conversion using said medium or said device.

The present invention relates to a medium for photon energy up-conversion, a photon-energy up-conversion device comprising said medium and to uses of said medium. The present invention also relates to a method of photon energy up-conversion using said medium or said device.

In a number of systems, it has been observed that irradiation by light with longer wavelength causes emission of a light with shorter wavelength. This phenomenon, which is also related to as “frequency up-conversion” or shortly “up-conversion” is most often associated with high light intensities available from pulsed lasers. It is presently believed that the up-conversion process involves the energy transfer of several lower excited states to a single higher excited state which is then capable of emitting light with a shorter wavelength, i.e. higher energy. This process has been described for a number of inorganic systems in the solid state, including crystals, thin films and nanoparticles. Usually the up-conversion process in the crystalline systems includes “sensitizing” components, “activator” components and/or matrix (crystal) components. Typically the matrix is co-doped with rare earth ions, which act as “sensitizers” as well as “activators”. One of the dopands absorbs in the low-wavelength region (typically infrared) whereupon the absorbed photon energies are then transferred to another dopand, the activator ions, which emit in the blue or green region (E. L. Falcao-Filho et al. J. Appl. Phys 92, 3065, (2002), Yoh Mita et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 802 (1992), Trash et al. Journal of OSA Bulletin 11, 881 (1994)). Furthermore crystalline nanoparticles have been described, a combination of which is dispersed in host matrices to form thin films. These crystalline nanoparticles also have been shown to be capable of energy up-conversion, which process takes place between the various species of nanoparticles and include an energy transfer step (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,541,788) or the crystalline nanoparticles act as a matrix for other dopan-ds such as Eu³⁺-ions, Tb³⁺ions, Tb³⁺-ions, Ce³⁺-ions etc., and these dopands upon irradiation of light are capable of increasing the fluorescence intensity and quantum efficiency of the nanoparticles.

These systems are of potential interest for the fabrication of lasing materials, photovoltaic devices and so on. Due to the nature of the components involved they are, however, rather expensive in manufacture and furthermore not particularly suited for the preparation of for example, films over large areas or the preparation on flexible substrates, both of which should be particularly useful for the fabrication of commercially useful photovoltaic devices, such as solar cells.

One approach to address this problem was to use organic compounds, instead of inorganic ones. These organic up-conversion systems are all based on direct two-photon or multi-photon excitation and/or the excitation of molecules populating high vibrational states into a first excited state, which latter process is also sometimes referred to as “hot band-absorption”. In the direct, i.e. simultaneous two-photo excitation the up-conversion is a result of a direct two-photon pumping of dyes with large two-photon absorption (TPA) cross-section, which dyes are either in solution or in films (including so called “solid” solutions, with inert polymers as an inactive matrix, i.e. a solid “solvent”). This inactive matrix is inactive in the sense that it does not take part in the up-conversion process whatsoever. Various systems have been described, and there is an ongoing search for new organic dyes with greater TPA-cross-section and TPA-dyes which are bound to polymer molecules or doped in polymer matrices U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,912,257, 6,555,682, 6,100,405, T. Kojei et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 298, 1 (1998), G. S. He et al., Appl. Phys. Lett 68, 3549 (1996) R. Schroeder et al., J. Phys.:Condens. Matter 13, L313 (2001); R. Schroder et al., J. Chem. Phys. 116, 3449 (2001)). Where TPA-dyes are doped in polymer matrices, again, the polymers are inactive compounds which do not take part in the up-conversion process.

Where the up-conversion is attributed to hot-band absorption, i.e. the excitation of molecules which populate high vibrational states, this has, in some cases been used for laser cooling of matter (J. L. Clark et al. Phys Rev. Lett 76, 2037 (1996)) and/or as a temperature probe of opto-electronic devices (J. M. Lupton, Appl. Phys. Lett 80, 186 (2002)).

Another area of research in the field of organic compounds is the field of “optical limiters”. An optical limiting material shows non-linear absorption characteristics. This is due to the phenomenon that the cross-section of the excited state is large than that of the ground state. The larger the input energy the more molecules become excited into the state having a larger cross-section, thus resulting in an increasing absorption coefficient. Optical limiters based upon this nonlinear absorption on the picosecond and nanosecond time-scales have been reported for a number of materials, including metallophthalocyanins, porphyrins and fullerenes but also inorganic nanoparticles (Qureshi F M et al. Chem. Phys. 231, 87 (1998) and other references cited therein; Sun et al. Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 18(1) 43 (1999) and references cited therein; W. Su, T. M. Cooper; Chem. Mater. 10, 1212 (1998); J. W. Perry et al., Science 273, 1533 (1996); K. A. Nguen et al., J. Chem. Phys. 118, 5802 (2003).

In a number of bimolecular or multimolecular systems comprising at least one sensitizer component and at least one emitter component, photon energy up-conversion has been shown to occur based on triplet-triplet annihilation processes (Baluschev et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2007, 46, 1-5). Such photon energy up-conversion is believed to be an inherently connected chain of three steps. The first step is inter system crossing (ISC) at the sensitizer molecules followed by the second step, namely the transfer of the excitation of the sensitizer triplet to the emitter triplet (triplet-triplet transfer, TTT). The third step is a subsequent triplet-triplet annihilation mostly between emitter molecule triplets (TTA). An efficient triplet-triplet annihilation assisted photon energy up-conversion has been observed for a broad variety of metal complexes acting as sensitizers, and different emitter molecules. The main advantage of such triplet-triplet annihilation based photon energy up-conversion processes is their independence of coherent excitation light. Furthermore such triplet-triplet annihilation assisted photon energy up-conversion only requires excitation light having low intensity (as low as 100 mWcm⁻²) and low spectral power density (as low as 125 μW nm⁻¹) [Baluschev et al., APL, 90, 181103, 2007]. These studies based on triplet-triplet annihilation assisted photon energy up-conversion have been performed in solution.

None of the aforementioned organic systems, however, have proved to be particularly versatile due to the inherent characteristics of the up-converting material present in the corresponding system or due to the delicate nature of the entire set-up which made their use in practical applications and devices virtually impossible. Furthermore in some cases, especially the systems based on inorganic components, up-conversion could only be induced under conditions of very low temperatures, −180° C. and below. Also, none of the optical limiting materials has been reported to show up-converting behaviour when this material is on its own. The inorganic based systems work only with high intensity monochromatic laser light, normally in the order of kW/cm², and they require very high spectral power density of the excitation light source, typically in order of Wnm⁻¹, additionally, they have low efficiencies which have so far only been reported for crystalline powders as ca. 1% to a maximum of 4% but these are only when for high intensities (Page et al., 1998, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, Vol. 15, No. 3, 996). Furthermore the systems reported so far only have emission characteristics which are intrinsic to the used corresponding materials, without any possibility to influence the ratio of emitted wavelengths.

The inorganic systems are based on crystalline materials and in order to be used in applications nanocrystals have to be specially prepared which would then be applied in a film, or, alternatively, the crystals would be ground into a fine powder and then distributed in a film, which, in turn causes problems with the even distribution of the crystalline powder within the film.

Accordingly it has been an object of the present invention to provide for a medium to be used for photon energy up-conversion which shows a great versatility with respect to the radiation wavelengths involved, both incident and emitted and which may therefore be tailor-made depending on the desired excitation and/or emission characteristics. Furthermore it has been an object of the present invention to provide a medium which is suitable for film-formation over large areas, thereby enabling the production of tailor-made opto-electronic devices. It has also been an object of the present invention to provide for a medium that allows to make efficient use of low intensity and/or low spectral power density light sources, such as the sun, LED (broadband, non-coherent) and which may therefore be used as spectral concentrator (preferably up-converting).

The objects of the present invention are solved by a medium for photon energy up-conversion comprising at least two components and a matrix in which said at least two components are distributed, wherein a first component is capable of absorbing light at a first wavelength region w≦λ₁≦x, which first component acts as a sensitizer in said medium, and wherein a second component is capable of emitting light at a second wavelength region y≦λ₂≦z, which second component acts as an emissive component in said medium, wherein λ₂≦λ₁, and wherein, upon absorption of light by said first component at said first wavelength region λ₁, said emissive component emits light at said second wavelength region λ₂, and wherein said first component and said second component are organic compounds, wherein said first component and said second component are distributed in said matrix which matrix is a solid, a gel or a fluid with viscosity equal or higher than 0.59×10⁻³ Pa·s.

Preferably, said matrix is transparent in the range from 300 to 1600 nm.

In one embodiment, said fluid has a viscosity in the range of from 0.59×10⁻³ to 1×10⁶ Pa·s.

In a preferred embodiment, said matrix is a solid with elastic, plastic, viscoelastic or viscoplastic properties.

In another embodiment, said matrix is an organic or inorganic glass with a viscosity 1×10³ to 1×10¹⁷ Pa·s.

In one embodiment, said matrix is a viscous liquid having a viscosity ≧0.59×10⁻³ Pa·s, wherein, preferably, said matrix is made of one or several materials selected from the following organic oligomers, said oligomers having a finite number of monomeric units and co-oligomers, said co-oligomers being comprised of a mixture of monomeric units, said monomeric units including, but not being limited to the class of substituted or non-substituted styrenes, phenylenes, phenylene diamines, phenylene diols, methyl methacrylates, phenols, acrylic acids, vinyls, such as vinyl alcohol or vinyl chloride, lactic acids, carbohydrates, carbonates, imides, amides, such as acryl amide, olefins, such as ethylene and propylene, olefin oxides, such as ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, olefin glycols, such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, terephthalic acids, epsilon-caprolactams, urethanes, silanes, siloxanes and substituted and functionalised forms of any of the foregoing, and any combination thereof, said matrix optionally and additionally including one or several organic solvents or water to vary, adjust and control the viscosity of said medium.

In one embodiment, said matrix is an inorganic or organic gel having a viscosity ≧1×10⁻¹ Pa·s, wherein, preferably, said organic gel is an organic physical gel having non-covalent bonds or is a chemical gel having covalent bonds and preferably being crosslinked wherein crosslinking is achieved by irradiation or by addition of crosslinking chemicals or both.

Preferably, said gel contains one or several linear and branched polymers, including, but not limited to poly(styrenes), (poly)phenylenes, poly(naphthalate), poly(terephthalate), poly(olefin-naphthalate) and poly(olefin-terephthalate), such as poly(ethylene naphthalate), poly(ethylene terephthale), poly(ether imides), poly(ether ketones), poly(hydroxyl-butyrates), poly(phenylene diamines), poly(phenylene diols), poly(methyl methacrylates), poly(phenols), poly(acrylic acids), poly(vinyls), such as poly(vinyl alcohols) or poly(vinyl chlorides), poly(lactic acids), poly(carbohydrates), poly(carbonate), poly(imide), poly(amide), such as poly(acryl amide), olefins, such as poly(ethylene) and poly(propylene), poly(olefin oxides), such as poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(propylene oxide), poly(olefin glycols), such as poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(propylene glycol), poly(terephthalic acids), poly(epsilon-caprolactam), poly(urethanes), polysilanes, poly(siloxanes) and combinations, mixtures or blends of any of the foregoing, said matrix optionally and additionally including one or several organic solvents or water to vary, adjust and control the viscosity of said medium.

In one embodiment, said matrix is a solid or glass having a viscosity ≧1×10³ Pa·s, wherein, preferably, said matrix is made of a thermoplastic polymer or copolymer ((block, alternating and graft copolymers) or a mixture thereof and/or with one or several suitable solvent to control and adjust viscoelasticity or plastoelasticity of said medium.

Preferably, said matrix is made of polymer or copolymer, including block, alternating and/or graft copolymers with molecular weights from 10² to 10⁹, preferably 10³ to ca. 10⁹, including but not limited to poly(styrenes), (poly)phenylenes, poly(naphthalate), poly(terephthalate), poly(olefin-naphthalate) and poly(olefin-terephthalate), such as poly(ethylene naphthalate), poly(ethylene terephthale), poly(ether imides), poly(ether ketones), poly(hydroxyl-butyrates), poly(phenylene diamines), poly(phenylene diols), poly(methyl methacrylates), poly(phenols), poly(acrylic acids), poly(vinyls), such as poly(vinyl alcohols) or poly(vinyl chlorides), poly(lactic acids), poly(carbohydrates), poly(carbonate), poly(imide), poly(amide), such as poly(acryl amide), olefins, such as poly(ethylene) and poly(propylene), poly(olefin oxides), such as poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(propylene oxide), poly(olefin glycols), such as poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(propylene glycol), poly(terephthalic acids), poly(epsilon-caprolactam), poly(urethanes), poly(silanes), poly(siloxanes) and combinations, mixtures or blends of any of the foregoing, said matrix optionally and additionally including one or several organic solvents or water to vary, adjust and control the viscosity of said medium.

In a preferred embodiment, said matrix is made of a thermosetting plastic, wherein, preferably, said thermosetting plastic is selected from polyester resins, epoxy resins, preferably two-component epoxy resins, acrylics, polyimides, melamine resins, and phenol-formaldehyde resins.

In one embodiment, said matrix is made of an elastic solid and more specifically a polymer elastomer, wherein, preferably, said matrix is made of an elastic solid and more specifically a polymer elastomer selected from polyacrylic rubbers, silicone rubbers, fluorosilicone rubbers, fluoroelastomers, perfluoroelastomers, polyether-block-amides, and olefin rubbers.

In one embodiment, said matrix does not take part in a photon energy up-conversion process upon irradiation of said medium.

In one embodiment, said first component is a first organic compound and said second component is a second organic compound.

In one embodiment, said first component is neither covalently bonded nor complexed to said second component.

In another embodiment, said first component is covalently bonded or complexed to said second component.

In one embodiment, said first and said second organic compounds are different compounds.

In one embodiment, said first and said second organic compound is a carbon-containing compound, with the proviso that it is not a hydrogen-free chalcogenide of carbon, a derivative thereof, a salt-like carbide, a metallic carbide or a metal-carbonyl.

Preferably, said emissive component's emitting light at said second wavelength region λ₂ is due to an up-conversion process based on direct or sequential two-photon excitation or on direct or sequential multi-photon excitation or on excitation of molecules populating high vibrational state(s) (“hot-band absorption”), which up-conversion process occurs upon absorption of light by said first component at said first wavelength region λ₁.

In one embodiment, said emissive component's emitting light at said second wavelength region λ₂ is due to an up-conversion process based on a triplet-triplet annihilation process between photoexcited molecules of said emissive component and/or based on a triplet-triplet annihilation process between photo-excited molecules of said first component.

In one embodiment, said second wavelength region λ₂ is in the range 360-750 nm and said first wavelength region λ₁ is in the range 450-1600 nm.

In one embodiment, said first component is an organic dye or molecule having a populated triplet or mixed triplet-singlet state, a two-photon-absorbing (TPA)-dye, an optical limiting compound, another molecule with a populated triplet state or an optical limiting compound—e.g. a fullerene, or carbon nanotubes.

In one embodiment, said second component is an organic dye.

In one embodiment, said first component is a first organic dye and said second component is a second organic dye, wherein said first and second organic dyes are the same or different, wherein, preferably, said first and/or said second organic dye is selected from the group comprising organic dyes with populated triplet states or capable of direct and/or sequential two-photon excitation, organic dyes capable of direct and/or multi-photon excitation, organic dyes capable of non-linear absorption and organic dyes capable of hot-band absorption.

In one embodiment, said organic dye, in particular said first organic dye, is selected from the group comprising organic molecules having populated triplet states and especially metal-organic complexes having populated triplet states, for example but not limited to Li, Mg, Al, Ti, V (VO), Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ru, Pd, Ag, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Pb, U (UO₂) containing organic complexes, or any combination of the foregoing to ensure wavelength control, wherein, preferably, said first organic dye is selected from the group comprising compounds with a populated triplet state, including but not limited to

-   -   porphyrins, including extended porphyrins, texaphyrins,         sapphyrins, orangerins (any carbon-bridged pyrrolic system),         substituted porphyrins and any of the foregoing molecules         (porphyrins) containing metals including but not limited to Li,         Mg, Al, Ti, V (VO), Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ru, Pd, Ag, Re,         Os, Ir, Pt, Pb, U (UO₂)     -   phtalocyanines, including extended phtalocyanines, substituted         phtalocyanines, and any of the foregoing phtalocyanins         containing metals including but not limited to Li, Mg, Al, Ti, V         (VO), Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ru, Pd, Ag, Re, Os, Ir, Pt,         Pb, U (UO₂)     -   benzopyridines, benzopyrizines, quinolates and         hydroxyquinolates, acetyl-acetonates, substituted         benzopyridines, benzopyrizines, quinolates and         hydroxyquinolates, acetyl-acetonates;     -   mixtures of any of the foregoing,         and said second organic dye is selected from the group         comprising compounds showing fluorescence emission in the range         of from 360 to 750 nm, in particular fluorescent dyes showing         fluorescence emission in the range of from 360 nm to 750 nm,         e.g.

-   anthracenes, tetracenes, pentacenes, perylenes

-   substituted anthracenes, tetracenes, pentacenes, perylenes

-   phenyl (bi-, tri-phenyl)-bridged anthracenes, tetracenes,     pentacenes, perylenes

-   fluorenes, thiophenes,

-   polyfluorenes and oligofluorenes, with or without any sidechain     pattern and their copolymers,

-   polyparaphenylenes, including polyparaphenylene vinylene, and     polyphenyleneethinylenes.

In one embodiment, said first and said second organic dye are chosen such that a populated triplet state of said first organic dye is at an energy level allowing a triplet-triplet annihilation process and the subsequent transfer of energy to an excited singlet state of said second dye.

In one embodiment, combinations of said first and second component are selected from the following:

-   -   a) Green couple: DPA/PdOEP; (i.e. 9,10-diphenylanthracene         (DPA)/2,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrin Palladium (PdOEP))     -   b) Red couple: BPEA/PdTPTBP; (i.e.         9,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene         (BPEA)/meso-Tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin Palladium (PdTPTBP))     -   c) Near infra red couple: BPEN/PdTPTNP; (i.e.         9,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)naphthacene         (BPEN)/meso-Tetraphenyl-octamethoxide-tetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrin         Palladium (PdTPTNP))     -   d) Direct Red-to-Blue couple: Perylene/PdTPTBP; (i.e.         Dibenz[de,kl]anthracene         (Perylene)/meso-Tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin Palladium         (PdTPTBP))     -   e) Direct Infrared-to-Green couple: BPBT/PdTPTNP; (i.e.         4,4′-bis(5-tetracenyl)-1,1′-biphenylene         (BPBT)/meso-Tetraphenyl-octamethoxide-tetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrin         Palladium (PdTPTNP))     -   f) Infrared-to-yellow couple: Rubrene/PdTAP; (i.e.         5,6,11,12-Tetraphenylnaphthacene (Rubrene)/Tetraantraporphyrin         Palladium (PdTAP)).

In one embodiment, said first and said second components are homogeneously distributed within said matrix.

In one embodiment, said first and said second components are encapsulated in particles having average dimensions in the range of from 5 nm to 999 μm, and such particles are homogeneously distributed within said matrix, wherein, preferably, said particles have average dimensions in the range of from 10 nm to 999 μm.

In one embodiment, said particles have a surface which is functionalized by functional groups to allow distribution of said particles within said matrix, said functional groups preferably being H, —(CH₂)_(n)CH₃, —(CH₂)_(n)—COOR, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR, —(CH₂)_(n)—SR, —(CH₂)_(n)—NR₂, —((CH₂)_(p)—O)_(n)—CH₃, with R═H, substituted or non-substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, or halogen, such as Cl, Br, F, I, or NO₂, NH₂, CN, SO₃H, OH.

The objects of the present invention are also solved by a photon-energy up-conversion device comprising:

-   -   at least one substrate,     -   the medium according to any of the foregoing claims, preferably         deposited on or in contact with said at least one substrate,         wherein, preferably, said medium is deposited in one or several         layers on said substrate and, if deposited in several layers,         forms a multi-layer structure on said substrate.

In one embodiment, the device according to the present invention comprises two or more substrates between which said medium is sandwiched.

In one embodiment, said substrate(s) is (are, independently, at each occurrence) a solid substrate, preferably selected from glass, quartz, silicon nitride or carbide, sheets of any of the foregoing, or a flexible substrate, such as a polymer sheet, a plastic foil.

In one embodiment, said medium is sandwiched between two glass substrates.

The objects of the present invention are also solved by a photon energy up-conversion device comprising:

the medium according to the present invention, wherein said medium is formed into a desired shape, such as a ball, a cube, a paralleliped or an irregularly shaped object.

Preferably, the device according to the present invention is a spectrum concentrator, in particular a solar spectrum concentrator in a solar cell, in a greenhouse, or in a window, such as in a house, car or other objects, or is a spectrum concentrator for variable broad spectrum sources, e.g. in emissive filtering, or is a display, e.g. an emissive up-conversion laser projection display, or is a temperature sensor.

The objects of the present invention are also solved by the use of the medium or of the device according to the present invention, as a spectrum concentrator, in particular a solar spectrum concentrator in a solar cell, in a greenhouse, or in a window, as a spectrum concentrator for variable broad spectrum sources, e.g. in emissive filtering, as a display, e.g. an emissive up-conversion laser projection display, as a display system, or as a temperature sensor.

The objects of the present invention are also solved by a method of photon energy up-conversion, comprising the steps:

-   -   providing a medium or a device according to the present         invention,     -   irradiating said medium or said device with electromagnetic         radiation in the wavelength range from 450 nm-1600 nm.

Preferably, said electromagnetic radiation is any part or all of the solar spectrum.

All of the organic systems of the prior art reported above are based on a solution matrix, i.e. a matrix where the active components are present within a solvent. Hence their application in devices is difficult and requires sealed compartments. The present inventors have managed to devise media for photon energy up-conversion which are based on organic sensitizers and emitters which comprise a matrix that allows the deposition of such media as a film over extended areas without the need to seal the compartment in which the sensitizer and emitter are located or to undertake any measures to avoid leakage of solvents. Furthermore the media according to the present invention allow to form three dimensional shapes thereof, which may then for example be used as displays or windows or objects which convert light of a longer wavelength into light of a shorter wavelength. The present inventors have surprisingly found that if one embeds and distributes organic sensitizer compounds and organic emitter compounds in a matrix which matrix is a solid, a gel or a fluid with viscosity equal or higher than 0.59×10⁻³ Pa·s, preferably >1.0×10⁻³ Pa·s, even more preferably >3.0×10⁻³ Pa·s, the medium comprising such matrix, sensitizer and emitter is well suited to be used in a number of applications, including large area displays or windows. This is because the solid, gel or highly viscous matrix allows the medium to retain its shape once it has been brought into a desired form, such as a sheet. The term “highly viscous”, as used herein is meant to refer to a viscosity of ≧0.59×10⁻³ Pa·s, preferably >1.0×10⁻³ Pa·s, even more preferably >3.0×10⁻³ Pa·s. The value of ≧0.59×10⁻³ Pa·s is the viscosity of toluene at room temperature under ambient conditions. The viscosity of the matrix in accordance with the present invention should be at least equal to such value, as any value below would inevitably lead to the same problems that are associated with the prior art (lack of form stability, leakage, no large area devices possible etc.).

The media of the present invention work with non-coherent sun-light with intensities as low 10 mW/cm² and have higher efficiencies, i.e. around 5-6%, even when working with solar light as excitation source having a spectral density as low as 50 μW nm⁻¹. Moreover, the quantum efficiency of the up-conversion process in accordance with the present invention does not depend on the coherent properties of the excitation light:

Excitation photons may be used for photon energy up-conversion in accordance with the present invention, which excitation photons may have a with a time mismatch around 40 μs, depending on the life time of the excited emitter triplet states. Moreover the excitation photons may be from an excitation energy region more than 0.3 eV broad, depending on the width of the sensitizer absorption spectrum, and the excitation photons may have a spatial separation more than 20 μm depending on the specific diffusion coefficients of the sensitizer and emitter molecules. This allows that the media according to the present invention may be used as spectrum concentrators.

Furthermore there are no requirements for the wave front of the excitation light, as the photons may have random orientation in space (until they hit the target—e.g. the display surface). Moreover the components within the media of the present invention are highly versatile in the sense that one may not only influence the active components, i.e. the components taking part in the photon energy up-conversion process, which allows control over the spectral properties of the medium, but also the composition of the matrix to ensure controlled morphology of the medium and the film or object formed thereof.

By the present invention a greater versatility is achieved in that the possibility to combine the properties of at least two independently active compounds, a new system/composition is created having a variety of properties which are not shown by each component, when on its own. For example, the absorbing molecules, i.e. “sensitizer” molecules can be varied, whereby the lower energy wavelengths to be up-converted can be varied. Alternatively or in addition thereto, the emissive molecule can be varied thereby allowing a variation of the higher energy wavelengths of the up-converted emission. In using at least one organic compound, either as sensitizer or as emitter, or by using organic compounds for both, it is also possible to make use of the good film-forming properties of organic compounds thereby making the compositions according to the present invention particularly amenable for large-area opto-electronic devices.

The term “transparent in the range of from x nm to y nm”, as used herein is meant to refer to transparency over the entire range or only a subset thereof.

The term “elastic” when used herein in connection with the matrix is meant to refer to a matrix which, upon deformation e.g. by the exertion of pressure or stress, returns to its original state which it had prior to said deformation, once such pressure or stress is released.

The term “plastic” when used herein in connection with the matrix is meant to refer to a matrix which undergoes a non-reversible change of shape in response to an applied force.

The term “viscoelastic” as used herein, is a time-dependent property in which a material under stress produces both a viscous and an elastic response. A viscoelastic material will exhibit viscous flow under constant stress, but a portion of mechanical energy is conserved and recovered after stress is released. Often associated with polymer solutions, melts and structured suspensions, viscoelastic properties are usually measured as responses to an instantaneously applied or removed constant stress or strain or a dynamic stress or strain.

The term “viscoplastic”, as used herein is a property in which a material behaves like a solid below some critical stress value, the yield stress, but flows like a viscous liquid when this stress is exceeded. Often associated with highly aggregated suspensions and polymer gels.

A “thermoplastic polymer” as used herein is a polymer which shows plastic behavior in dependence on the temperature, i.e. it melts when heated and solidifies when cooled.

A “thermosetting plastic” as used herein is meant to refer to a plastic material, e.g. a polymer that cures into a stronger form through the application of energy, e.g. heat. Usually such curing process results in the formation of crosslinking bonds between the molecules of the plastic material, e.g. the polymer chains.

The term “viscosity”, as used herein, is meant to refer to a material's tendency to resist flow.

A “two-component epoxy resin” as used herein is meant to refer to an epoxy resin which is only formed if two precursor components are added together. More specifically, such an epoxy resin is a thermosetting epoxide polymer that cures when mixed with a catalysing agent or “hardener”. Examples for such a “two-component epoxy resin” are bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin.

The term “viscous liquid” as used herein is meant to refer to a liquid having a viscosity ≧0.59×10⁻³ Pa·s. The person skilled in the art knows how to measure viscosity of liquids, and there are viscometers commercially available. In some embodiments reported further below in the examples, the present inventors used approximately (20 to 1000)×10⁻³ Pa·s. as viscosity value for the matrix. However, the way of measuring such viscosity should be less significant, as all of the known viscometers give the same results within boundaries of 10%.

As used herein the term “gel” usually refers to a system wherein one (or several) component(s) (also termed as “network component(s)”) is (are) dispersed as a colloid in another component, such as a solvent. Preferably, a “gel” is a colloidal system with a finite, usually rather small yield stress.

For example, in a polymer gel, the network component is a polymer, and the polymer may be colloidally dispersed in a solvent such as water to form a gel. The polymer network may be a network formed by covalent bonds or by physical aggregation with regions of local order acting as network junctions. The gel may be physical in which case the interactions between the molecules of the dispersed component(s) are non-covalent in nature, e.g. van der Waals interactions, or it may be chemical in which case the interactions between the molecules of the dispersed component(s) are covalent. Optionally the component may be physically or chemically crosslinked. In the case of physical crosslinking, there are no covalent bonds between the molecules but the dispersed component(s) is (are) physically intertwined. In the case of chemical crosslinking there are covalent bonds between the molecules of the dispersed component(s), which have been achieved by irradiation or the addition of chemical crosslinking agents.

As used herein the term “organic” is used in its generally understood meaning, i.e. it refers to compounds which are carbon-containing compounds. As it is used here, it also includes elemental carbon, at least in the form of fullerenes. The term “organic” is further meant to exclude specific carbon-containing compounds such as: hydrogen-free chalkogenides of carbon, e.g. CO, CO₂, CS₂, and derivatives thereof, e.g. H₂CO₃, KSCN; further excluded are salt-like carbides which are binary compounds of elements with carbon, which decompose to hydrocarbons under the influence of water or dilute acids. Salt-like carbides have the general formula M^(I) ₂C₂ or M^(II)C₂, wherein M^(I) or M^(II) denotes a metal ion with one or two valences. Salt-like carbides of calcium, silver and copper decompose to acetylene, the salt-like carbide of aluminium (Al₄C₃) decomposes to methane. Further excluded carbon-containing compound which do not form part of the term “organic” are metallic carbides, which are non-stoichiometric compounds having the character of an alloy. They are resistant to acids and are electrically conducting.

In accordance with the present invention, the sensitizer and emitter component(s) may be encapsulated in particles having average dimensions in the nanometer or micrometer range. If the average dimensions are in the nanometer range such particles are also sometimes herein referred to as “nanoparticles”. The person skilled in the art knows how to encapsulate components in particles. There are a number of ways to encapsulate components in particles, e.g. encapsulation by emulsification techniques.

As used herein, the term “nanoparticles” is meant to denote particles which have a size in the range of 1-750 nm, preferably 5-500 nm, or more preferably 5-250 nm. These nanoparticles may also exhibit crystalline behavior in which case they are also referred to as “nanocrystals”.

As used herein, the term “nanotubes” is meant to denote tube-like structures preferably of carbon, the dimensions of which are of the same order of magnitude as of “nanoparticles”, as defined above.

As used herein the terms “host molecules” and “guest molecules” are meant to denote two types of molecule, different from each other, wherein the molecules, which are referred to as “guest molecules”, are embedded in a matrix formed by the (other) molecules, referred to as “host molecules”.

The term “display system”, as used herein, is meant to refer to one or several display devices. In its simplest form, a display system” is to be equated with a single “display” or display device”. In a more elaborate form, several such single displays may be assembled together to form a display system in accordance with the present invention.

The term “light”, as used herein, is meant to refer to electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of from 300 nm to 1600 nm and any subset thereof.

In the devices according to the present invention involving substrates (flexible solid or rigid solid), such substrate(s) are preferably “light transparent”. A substrate that is “light transparent” is meant to refer to a substrate that is transparent in at least those wavelength regions used for exciting the photon energy up-conversion medium and the wavelength region in which said photon energy up-conversion medium emits radiation. The displays in accordance with the present invention are either formed as a film or layer structure or a multi-film or multi-layer structure of the photon energy up-conversion medium in contact with at least one substrate. Preferably such medium is sandwiched between two substrates, at least one of which, preferably both are light transparent. The layered medium may have more than one layer and may also have more than one sensitizer/emitter component pair, with each pair having different absorption characteristics or different emission characteristics or both different absorption and emission characteristics. These different sensitizer/emitter component pairs may be present in different layers or different pixels of a display, thereby allowing for the production of RGB displays, monocolor or multicolor displays or white displays.

In alternative embodiments of displays in accordance with the present invention, the photon energy up-conversion medium may be formed in a desired three-dimensional shape, such as a letter, a numeral, a cube, a pyramid, a paralleliped, a company's logo, or any other regular or irregular shaped desired shape. This is possible due to the form-stable nature of the photon energy up-conversion media in accordance with the present invention.

As used herein, the term “spectrum concentrator” is meant to refer to a device for modifying, e.g. narrowing the wavelength range of a spectrum of light incident on said device, such that light emitted from said device has a modified, e.g. more narrow or shifted wavelength range than said incident light. Preferably, for such modifying, e.g. narrowing, a process of photon energy up-conversion alone or in combination with photon energy down-shifting or with down-conversion is used. For example using photon energy up-conversion alone or in combination with photon energy down-shifting, a broad spectrum of light that is irradiated upon said device, is modified, e.g. narrowed and thus effectively “concentrated” into a more narrow region which itself may lie in the original incident spectrum or may lie outside thereof. As an example, the solar spectrum may be effectively narrowed into its visible wavelength region (VIS region) having a more narrow range than the total solar spectrum by photon energy up-conversion from the infrared region to the visible region alone or in combination with a red-shifting (by down-shifting or down-conversion) of the UV-region into the visible region. Furthermore, also within the visible region itself a narrowing can be achieved, for example by up-conversion from the red into green region and by down-shifting of the blue into the green region. Using such a spectrum concentrator device based on photon energy up-conversion alone or in combination with photon energy down-shifting or with down-conversion in accordance with the present invention, the photon harvesting of a solar cell, the use of photons from different ranges in a greenhouse or another suitable object and thereby its respective efficiency may be improved. The same concept may also be employed for windows of houses and vehicles, for example cars, where one might wish to concentrate certain parts of the incident solar spectrum inside of these objects, for example more red, more green radiation etc. This allows for example an enhancement of illumination by up-converting near infrared radiation into the visible wavelength range and down-conversion the UV-radiation into the visible wavelength range.

The term “modifying the wavelength range”, as used herein is meant to refer to a process whereby the wavelength range of a spectrum of light irradiated upon an object is narrowed, i.e. made less broad, or at least shifted with respect to its original position. A “modified wavelength range” is a narrowed wavelength range or a wavelength range that is shifted with respect to its original position. Such narrowed or shifted wavelength range may be within the original wavelength range completely or partly, or may also be entirely outside of said original wavelength range. The term “device for modifying the wavelength range of a spectrum of light incident on said device”, as used herein is therefore used synonymously with “spectrum concentrator” or “spectrum concentrator device”.

Without wishing to be bound by any theory, the principles of operation of the up-conversion process in accordance with one embodiment of a triplet-triplet annihilation assisted photon energy up-conversion system of the present invention is that after absorption of a photon in a singlet Q-band of the first component, e.g. a metallated porphyrin macrocycle (MOEP), due to an effective inter-system crossing (ISC), the long lived triplet state of the first component (sensitizer) is highly populated. This triplet state can further be considered as a reservoir of excited states for subsequent energy transfer processes. From here, two excitation pathways are possible. First, as a consequence of a triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) process between the excited molecules of said first component themselves, one of the first component-molecules returns to the ground state and the other is excited into a higher singlet state. This is followed by an effective transfer of the first component singlet excitation to the excited singlet state of the second component, which is the emissive component, such as a blue emitter. Secondly, an additional up-conversion-channel is possible, comprising firstly a transfer of the triplet excitation of the first component directly to the triplet state of the second emissive component's molecules, followed again by effective triplet-triplet-annihilation, this time of the second component triplet states, resulting again in an excited singlet state of the second (emissive) component.

More preferably, said first organic dye (i.e. sensitizer) is a porphyrin, or a metalloporphyrin in particular octaethylporphyrin-Palladium (or —Pt or —Cu or —Zn), or a phthalocyanin, and said second organic dye (i.e. emitter) is a polyfluorene or oligofluorene (with or without (different) side chain patterns), in particular PF 2/6. It should be noted that, in one embodiment of the present invention, where the sensitizer and the emitter are organic compounds, which may be polymerisable, these may be occurring in the same polymer, i.e. they may form part of the same polymer molecule, either as block copolymer or random copolymer or a sensitizer/or emitter polymer wherein the respective other component forms end-capping groups. This may e.g. be a polymer of sensitizer components which is end-capped with emitter components, or vice versa. Moreover, one can use the inactive polymer (such as polystyrene) as backbone and create a polymer containing both sensitizer and emitter, covalently bond to the back bone as side chains or included in the main chain. Polymers as just described are examples of where the two components are covalently bonded to each other.

Specific embodiments of preferred sensitizer components, emissive components and the matrix components (“inert matrix” referring to the fact that this is matrix does not take part in the up- or down-conversion or down-shifting processes) are described in the following:

Sensitizer Molecules (or “Sensitizer Components”)

A “sensitizer” is a molecule which is able to absorb light, the sensitizer being either an organic dye or a metal-organic complex, preferably with a high populated triplet states.

A metal-organic complex is per definition a compound containing at least a metal M surrounded by one or more molecules, the so-called ligands L which are generally bound to the metal ion by a coordinate covalent bond.

The ligands are organic molecules, cyclic or acyclic, aromatic or non-aromatic, monodentate or polydentate.

In case they are extended aromatic systems they are themselves organic dye sensitizers without being bound to a metal.

For better understanding:

-   Both, the Pd-porphyrine (=metal organic complex) but also the     metal-free porphyrine (=Organic molecule) are sensitizers.

The metal-organic complexes can be

-   -   mononuclear with the general structure ML_(m)

-   with m being the number of ligands m=1-8, preferably 1-3

-   or     -   polynuclear complexes with metals bridge via a common ligand B

-   with general structure L_(m)M-[B-ML_(m)]_(n), with Lm, at each     occurrence in this formula, being an independently selected ligand.

-   n being the repeating unit 1-10, preferably 1-3

-   and with B being any bridging organic molecule acting as polydentate     ligand or a halogenide such as F, Cl, Br, I     -   polynuclear complexes with ligands bridged via A

-   with general structure ML_(m)-[A-L_(m)M]_(n), with Lm, at each     occurrence in this formula, being an independently selected ligand.

-   n being the repeating unit 1-6, preferably 1-3

-   and with A being defined as

-   or any combination of these units, or any other organic unit forming     fused system while bridging the ligands -   R being H, any substituted or non-substituted alkyl, aryl or     heteroaryl -   n₁ being 0-10, preferably 0-2 -   R₃ being H, —(CH₂)_(n)CH₃, —(CH₂)_(n)—COOR, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR,     —(CH₂)_(n)—SR, —(CH₂)_(n)—NR₂, —((CH₂)_(p)—O)_(n)—CH₃,

The metal M is selected for example, from Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Al, Ga, In, Ti, Sn, Pb, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Yb, Eu, Nd, Gd, Th

-   preferably Pd, Pt, Ru, Os, Re,

The ligand L can be selected for example, but not limited thereto, from the group of

-   -   heterocyclic aromatic or non-aromatic systems containing at         least one atom which is not carbon, preferably nitrogen or         oxygen, by which the ligand is linked to the metal. The said         aromatic heterocyclic aromatic or non-aromatic system is a mono-         or polycyclic condensed ring system or a system of rings         covalently bonded to each other, wherein, optionally, said ring         system or rings are substituted with further substituents Z,

-   with Z being

-   one or more moieties which, at each occurrence, is independently     selected from H, substituted or non-substituted alkenyl or alkynyl,     or halogen, such as Cl, Br, F, I, or NO₂, NH₂, CN, SO₃H, OH, H,     —(CH₂)_(n)CH₃, —(CH₂)_(n)—COOR, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR, —(CH₂)_(n)—SR,     —(CH₂)_(n)—NR₂, —((CH₂)_(p)—O)_(n)—CH₃,

-   with R being H, any substituted or non-substituted alkyl, aryl or     heteroaryl

-   n being 0-10, preferably 0-6

-   and p being 0-4, preferably 1-2

-   or any aromatic and heteroaromatic system, preferably represented by     formula x

-   n₂ being 1-5 -   R₁ being H, any alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or halogen, such as Cl, Br,     F, I, or NO₂, NH₂, —CN, —SCN, ═C(CN)₂, ═O, —SO₃H, OH, H,     —(CH₂)_(n)CH₃, —(CH₂)_(n)—COOR, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR, —(CH₂)_(n)—SR,     —(CH₂)_(n)—NR₂, —((CH₂)_(p)—O)_(n)—CH₃, -   R₃ being H, —(CH₂)_(n)CH₃, —(CH₂)_(n)—COOR, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR,     —(CH₂)_(n)—SR, —(CH₂)_(n)—NR₂, —((CH₂)_(p)—O)_(n)—CH₃,

The ligand L can be selected for example, but not limited thereto, from the class of substituted or non-substituted macrocyclic systems of porphyrines including and also extended systems of these derivatives, such as benzoporphyrines or naphthaloporphyrine.

The ligand L can be selected for example, but not limited thereto, from the class substituted or non-substituted macrocyclic systems of tetraazaporphyrine, phthalocyanine or naphthalocyanine.

The ligand L can be selected for example, but not limited thereto, from the class of substituted or non-substituted macrocyclic systems of corroles or aza-corroles including their benzo-and naphto-extended systems.

The ligand L can be selected for example, but not limited thereto, from the class of substituted or non-substituted linear tetra-, tri- or dipyrrole systems, including their benzo- and naphto-extended systems

The ligand L can be selected for example, but not limited thereto, from the class of substituted or non-substituted pyridine, bi-, ter- or poly-pyridyls, phenantrolines, quinoline, isoquinoline, bis-isoquinoline, hydroxyquinoline

The ligand L can be selected for example, but not limited thereto, from class of substituted or non-substituted heteroaromatics molecules represented by the structures and any combination of the structures

with X and Y being independent from each other NR, O, S

The ligand L can be selected for example, but not limited thereto, from derivatives containing substituted or non-substituted benzene-1,2-diol; benzene-1,2-diamine; ethane-1,2-diamine; ethane-1,2-diol; naphthalene-2,3-diamine; naphthalene-2,3-diol; anthracene-2,3-diol; anthracene-2,3-diamine; oxalamide, oxalic acid, ethylendiamintetraacetic acid

Sensitizers which are organic dyes are selected, but not limited thereto, from the class of

-   -   substituted or non-substituted coumarins and their derivatives,

with Z as described above

-   -   substituted or non-substituted cyanine-, merocyanine-, and         azo-dyes and their derivatives,

with n₃=0-6, preferably 0-3

With Ar₁ and Ar₂ being same or different, at each occurrence independently selected from

or any combination of these structures

-   with Z, R, and R₃ as defined above     -   substituted or non-substituted derivatives of squarylium and         croconium dyes

X, Y, Ar₁ and Ar₂ being defined as above

-   -   substituted or non-substituted derivatives of semi-squarylium or         semi-croconium dyes and their derivatives         or

-   -   or any aromatic and heteroaromatic systems bridged         (poly-)styrene, or other aromatic or heteroaromatic rings,         secondary or tertiary amines with aromatic or heteroaromatic         systems attached, (poly-)phenylenes mono-endcapped with an         aromatic system or metal organic complexes,     -   or substituted and non-substituted derivatives of a) a         (poly-)phenylenes mono-endcapped with an aromatic system, or b)         a secondary or tertiary amines substituted with aromatic or         heteroaromatic unit, or c)-f) aromatic and heteroaromatic         systems bridged by (poly-)styrene, or other (poly-)aromatic or         heteroaromatic rings, as presented by structures below

With n₄=1-4, preferably 1-2

Ar1, Ar2, X and R as described above.

Organic dye can be also selected from the class of ligands L, such as the class of porphyrine, phtalocyanine, corroles, which are not bound to a metal.

Emitter Molecules (or “Emissive Components”)

-   are organic molecules with emitting singlet states (efficient)

The emitter molecules can be selected from the group of E.

E can be selected for example but not limited from the class of

-   -   substituted or non-substituted anthracenes, naphtacenes,         pentacenes, rubrene and their derivatives, the core being         expressed by the structures

with Z being as described above

-   -   substituted or non-substituted perylenes, phenanthrenes,         triphenylenes, pyrenes, benzo-pyrenes, chrysene, benzo-crysenes,         phenalene, acenaphtylene, corannulene, the cores being expressed         by the structures

with Z being as described above

-   -   substituted or non-substituted of derivatives containing         non-aromatic, aromatic and heteroaromatic fused systems,         the cores being expressed by the structures

-   or any combination of these structures -   with Z being as described above -   with Y being C, Si, N, S, O     -   substituted or non-substituted of class of (poly)-silole or         -pyrrol or thiophene based compounds, the cores being expressed         by the structures

With Z and n₄ as described above

And Y1 being Si(Z)₂, —N(Z) or S.

The emitter molecules can be also molecules expressed by general formula below E-A

E-A

_(p)E

With p being 0 to 20

With E and A as defined above and with Lm, when appearing, at each occurrence in this formula, being an independently selected ligand.

Inert Matrix in which Sensitizer and Emissive Component(s) are Distributed

Reasonably transparent in the VIS and near-IR region, with defined variable viscosity Examples, but not limited to:

-   -   Oligomers and co-oligomers—styrenes, methylmetacrylates,         phenols, acrylic acid, vinyl alcohol, carbonate, imide, amide,         ethylene, ethylene glycols, propylene, propylene glycols, in         general olefins and olefin glycols, terephthalic acid,         epsilon-caprolactone, and substituted and functionalised         styrenes, methylmetacrylates, acrylic acid, vinyl alcohol,         carbonate, imide, amide, ethylene, ethylene glycols, propylene,         propylene glycols, in general olefins and olefin glycols, and         all possible mixtures thereof and with organic solvents or water         to vary and control viscosity     -   Polymers and copolymers (block, alternating and graft         copolymers) with molecular weights from 10³ to ca. 10⁹: e.g. but         not limited to: polystyrenes, polymethylmetacrylates, in general         all polyacrylics, polycarbonates, polyethylenes, polypropylenes,         polymethylpentane (in general polyolefins), polyethylene         naphtalate, polyethylene therephthalate, polyimides,         polyetherimides, polyamides, polyetheretherketones,         poly-hydroxybutyrates, poly-L-lactic acids,         polyepsilon-caprolactone, polyethylene oxides, polypropylene         oxides, i.e. polyethylene and polyalkylene glycols, all the         mixtures and blends thereof, as well as with organic solvents or         water to vary and control viscosity.     -   Physical and chemical polymer gels:     -   a) irradiation crosslinking (all oligomers and polymers         described above, but not limited to, as well as their mixture as         well with low molecular weight solvents to adjust viscosity     -   reactive crosslinking (epoxy-resines, etc.)

All of the organic systems of the prior art reported are solution based. Hence their application in devices is difficult and requires sealed compartments. The present inventors have devised media for photon energy up-conversion which are based on organic sensitizers and emitters and which comprise a matrix that allows the deposition of such media as a film over extended areas.

In particular, in some embodiments of the invention, a “sensitizer” is a non-linear absorber which means that it shows absorption characteristics which do not show linear behavior, in particular with light at high incident irradiation. Where the absorption is the result of a direct two-photon-excitation process, the sensitizer has to have a high enough TPA cross-section. In the case where there is a sequential two-multi-photon excitation, whereby the sensitizer becomes an optical limiting compound, in most cases it is a reverse saturable absorber (RSA). These systems are defined as having an absorption in the excited state (singlet or triplet) higher than the absorption of the ground state. Their absorption scheme is usually described in a five- or six-level model, which is shown in FIG. 1. In this figure, S0 is the ground singlet state, S1, Sx, Sn—the excited singlet states, T1 and Tn are the triplet states. The performance of these compounds is characterized by the ratio of the excited state—to the ground-state-absorption (including singlet and triplet levels) and by the saturation intensity or fluence. For a good performance (i.e. for a good up-conversion behavior) the ratio of the excited-state-absorption to ground-state-absorption is large, whereas the saturation intensity or- fluence is low.

The “emitter” component (i.e. the second component) ought to have an emissively relaxing excited energy level at a position to which the excitation energy transfer can take place from any of the high excited states (i.e. singlet Sn or triplet Tn) of the sensitizer component. Furthermore a higher fluorescence quantum efficiency of the emitter component is important and preferred.

By the present invention a greater versatility is achieved in that the possibility to combine the properties of at least two independently active compounds, a new system/composition is created having a variety of properties which are not shown by each component, when on its own. The use of a matrix which is a solid, a gel or a fluid with viscosity equal or higher than 0.59×10⁻³ Pa·s allows to form films of such media or other desired shapes which makes these media particularly versatile for a number of applications and obviates the need for specific measures to avoid leakage. For example, the absorbing molecules, i.e. “sensitizer” molecules can be varied, whereby the lower energy wavelengths to be up-converted can be varied. Alternatively or in addition thereto, the emissive molecule can be varied thereby allowing a variation of the higher energy wavelengths of the up-converted emission. In using at least one organic compound, either as sensitizer or as emitter, or by using organic compounds for both, it is also possible to make use of the good film-forming properties of organic compounds thereby making the compositions according to the present invention particularly amenable for large-area opto-electronic devices.

As used herein the term “organic” is used in its generally understood meaning, i.e. it refers to compounds which are carbon-containing compounds. As it is used here, it also includes elemental carbon, at least in the form of fullerenes. The term “organic” is further meant to exclude specific carbon-containing compounds such as: hydrogen-free chalkogenides of carbon, e.g. CO, CO₂, CS₂, and derivatives thereof, e.g. H₂CO₃, KSCN; further excluded are salt-like carbides which are binary compounds of elements with carbon, which decompose to hydro-carbons under the influence of water or dilute acids. Salt-like carbides have the general formula M^(I) ₂C₂ or M^(II)C₂, wherein M^(I) or M^(II) denotes a metal ion with one or two valences. Salt-like carbides of calcium, silver and copper decompose to acetylene, the salt-like carbide of aluminium (Al₄C₃) decomposes to methane. Further excluded carbon-containing compound which do not form part of the term “organic” are metallic carbides, which are non-stoichiometric compounds having the character of an alloy. They are resistant to acids and are electrically conducting.

EXAMPLES

In the following reference is now made to the figures which are given as examples, wherein

FIG. 1 shows a proposed energetic scheme of a triplet triplet annihilation (TTA) supported up-conversion process. The dotted path represents the transfer of excitation energy by the up-conversion in the anthracene derivative/metallated macrocycle system. For instance, for the up-conversion couple BPEA/PdPh₄TBP, then the energy of the excitation photons is 1.98±0.08 eV, whereas the energy of the emitted photons is 2.5±0.1 eV. It is that the optimum when the energetic position of the triplet manifold the sensitizer and emitter have spectral overlap.

FIG. 2 shows structures of the sensitizers (A) and the emitters (B) used by the present inventors. Some of the possible investigated couples are: PdOEP (2,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrin Palladium) and DPA (9,10-diphenylanthracene); PdTPTBP (meso-Tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin Palladium) and BPEA (Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene); PdTPTNP (meso-Tetraphenyl-octamethoxide-tetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrin Palladium) and BPEN (9,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)naphthacene), X═OMe: PdTPTBP (see above) and Rubrene, PdTPTNP (meso-Tetraphenyl-octamethoxide-tetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrin Palladium) and Rubrene; for further abbreviations see also description of FIG. 6 below;

FIG. 3: A CCD-camera image of the up-converted fluorescence inside 400 μm thick up-conversion layer between sealed polycarbonate substrates” (frontal excitation) for the system PdTPTBP/BPEA (A) and PdTPTBP/Perylene (B). The excitation intensity is less than 35 mWcm⁻², λ=635 nm (single mode diode laser). No blocking filters were used.

FIG. 4 shows various examples of possible upconverters to be used as or in e.g. emissive displays or spectrum concentrators; more specifically: (A): Rubrene/PdTPTNP (excitation, λ=695 nm, intensity 100 mWcm⁻², single mode diode laser), polycarbonate substrate, PS (poly-styrene) with Mn˜400 Da viscous matrix; viscosity >0.59×10⁻³ Pa·s. (B): Rubrene/PdTPTBP (excitation, λ=635 nm, intensity 100 mWcm⁻², single mode diode laser), polystyrene (extruded) substrate, PS with 380 Da viscous matrix; viscosity >0.59×10⁻³ Pa·s.

FIG. 5 shows the use of a medium according to the present invention as a solar spectrum concentrator

-   -   A) Volt/ampere characteristic of a dye sensitized solar cell (10         μm TiO2, liquid electrolyte, with, a dye with structure shown in         the inset of (B). Without up-converter (black circles), with         up-converter laser excitation, 0.25 cm⁻² area (blue circles) and         with Sun-light excitation ca. 40 Suns—part of the spectrum         between 620 and 680 nm (orange stars). Up-conversion system:         Perylene/PdTPTBP (excitation when laser λ=635 nm, intensity 100         mWcm⁻², single mode diode laser), glass substrate, sealed, PS         (polystyrene) 400 Da matrix     -   B) The IPCE curve of the investigated solar cell and as an inset         the structure of the dye used in the cell

FIG. 6 shows a number of sample media having diverse emission characteristics, as follows:

-   -   1) Green couple: DPA/PdOEP (green λ=530 nm→blue λ=420 nm);         9,10-diphenylanthracene         (DPA)/2,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrin Palladium (PdOEP)     -   2) Direct Red-to-Blue couple: Perylene/PdTPTBP: (red λ=630         nm→blue λ=450 nm); Dibenz[de,kl]anthracene         (Perylene)/meso-Tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin Palladium         (PdTPTBP)     -   3) Red couple: BPEA/PdTPTBP (red λ=630 nm→green λ=485 nm);         9,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene         (BPEA)/meso-Tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin Palladium (PdTPTBP)     -   4) Infrared-to-yellow couple: Rubrene/PdTPTAP (infrared λ=810         nm→yellow λ=580 nm); 5,6,11,12-Tetraphenylnaphthacene         (Rubrene)/Tetraantraporphyrin Palladium (PdTAP)     -   5) Near infra red couple: BPEN/PdTPTNP (near infra red λ=710         nm→yellow λ=580 nm); 9,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)naphthacene         (BPEN)/meso-Tetraphenyl-octamethoxide-tetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrin         Palladium (PdTPTNP)     -   6) Direct Infrared-to-Green couple: BPBT/PdTPTNP: (near infra         red λ=710 nm→green λ=500 nm);         4,4′-bis(5-tetracenyl)-1,1′-biphenylene         (BPBT)/meso-Tetraphenyl-octamethoxide-tetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrin         Palladium (PdTPTNP)     -   Matrix is PS (polystyrene) 400 Da., Sealed glass quvette

FIG. 7 shows the comparison between laser and Sun light excitation for 3 of the couples as indicated inside the figure. The parts of the Solar spectrum used for the excitation of the corresponding couples are shown on the right. Again the matrix is PS (polystyrene) with ca. 400 Da Mn, no solvent.

FIG. 8 shows an example of a three-dimensional sample of a medium according to the pre-sent invention wherein up-conversion is achieved from 635 nm to ca. 480 nm using a matrix based on a two-component epoxy resin. Up-conversion couple: BPEA/PdTPTBP (red λ=630 nm→green λ=485 nm); 9,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA)/meso-Tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin Palladium (PdTPTBP)

FIG. 9 shows examples of sensitizers, namely

-   -   a) Palladium(II)         2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-Octakis(octyloxy)-phthalocyanine (DOPdPc)     -   b) Platinum(II)         2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-Octakis(octyloxy)-phthalocyanine     -   c) Palladium(II)         2,11,20,29-Tetra-tert-butyl-2,3-naphthalocyanine     -   d) Palladium(II) 1,8,15,22-Tetraphenoxy-phthalocyanine (PhPdPc);

FIG. 10 shows upconversion spectra of the sensitizer (PhPdPc) with the emitter rubrene with varying sensitizer concentrations in a phenyl-heptadecane (PHD) matrix, namely

-   -   a) 5×10⁻⁵ M PhPdPc+5×10⁻⁴ M Rubrene     -   b) 1×10⁵ M PhPdPc+5×10⁻⁴ M Rubrene         -   Excitation 635 nm     -   c) 1×10⁻⁵ M PhPdPc+5×10⁻⁴ M Rubrene with excitation 691 nm;

FIG. 11 shows upconversion spectra of the sensitizer (DOPdPc) with the emitter rubrene with the following concentration in a phenyl-heptadecane (PHD) matrix:

1×10⁻⁴M PhPdPc+1×10⁻³M rubrene. The different curves correspond to different intensities of continuous wave excitation at 635 nm (cw at 635 nm);

FIG. 12 shows examples of emitter structures, namely

-   -   a) 3-Phenyl-perylene (PhP)     -   b) 3-(2,3-Difluoro-phenyl)-perylene (DFPP)     -   c)         2,6-Di-tert-butyl-1,3,5,7,8-penta-methyl-pyrromethene-difluoroborate         complex (bo-dipy)     -   d) Rubicene;

FIG. 13 shows upconversion spectra of the couples: meso-tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin palladium (PdTPTBP) with perylene, PdTPTBP with PhP, and PdTPTBP with DFPP; excitation wavelength 632 nm, 1 mW;

FIG. 14 shows upconversion spectra of the couple: PdTPTBP with rubicene. The excitation wavelength is 632 nm. Different curves correspond to different laser powers as described in the legend;

FIG. 15 shows upconversion spectra of the upconversion system with one sensitizer (PdTPTBP) and three emitters, namely perylene, BPEA (Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene) and rubicene; with concentrations 5×10⁻⁵ M PdTPTBP and 1.5×10⁻⁴ M Rubicene, 1.5×10⁻⁴ M Perylene and 1.5×10⁻⁴ M BPEA in matrix PHD; excitation 632 nm, 1 mW.

FIG. 16 shows example structures of various matrix molecules, namely

-   -   a) 1-phenyl-heptadecane (PHD)—ethylene based oligomer,     -   b) 1-phenyl-octadecane (POD)—ethylene based oligomer,         crystalline, which is added to PHD to control viscosity,     -   c) Poly(methylphenylsiloxane) 710®—viscosity 450-550 cSt (25°         C.),     -   d) Bibenzyl—crystalline (small molecule)—added to PHD to control         viscosity,     -   e) Oligostyrene (PS400),     -   f) Polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/butylene)-b-polystyrene) block         copolymer (SEBS);

FIG. 17 shows upconversion spectra of the upconversion system with sensitizer PdTPTBP and the emitter perylene in different matrices. The excitation wave length for all examples was 632 nm:

-   -   a) in 1-phenyl-heptadecane (PHD),     -   b) in a mixture 50:50 PHD:POD,     -   c) in a mixture 96:4 PHD:Bibenzyl,     -   d) in poly(methylphenylsiloxane) 710®,     -   e) in a mixture PS400:PS600 50:50, wherein different curves         correspond to different laser power for excitation, as described         in the legends,     -   f) upconversion systems PdTPTBP+BPEA; PdTPTBP+Perylene and         PdTPTBP+Rubicene as well as PdTPTBP+BPEA+Perylene+Rubicene in         SEBS; laser power 1 mW; Inset: the system PdTPTBP+Perylene         excited with non-coherent (LED) source with 150 mWcm⁻²;

FIG. 18 shows an example for spectrum concentration working with non-focussed non-coherent light as directly combined with a dye sensitized solar cell. This is a proof-of-principle that a dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) works with up-converted emission, non-coherent red LED, 90 mWcm⁻² and a large area (20×20 mm² upconverter; more specifically, the figure shows a set-up for DSSC characterization using upconverted non-coherent light, wherein FIG. 18 a shows a photograph of the set-up; FIG. 18 b shows a schematic representation of the set-up with a frontal photograph of the upconverter and the DSSC as irradiated with the 5% of the up-converted light collected; and FIG. 18 c shows a spectrum of the LED used in the set-up. The upconverter included the upconversion system with one sensitizer (PdTPTBP) and three emitters, namely perylene, BPEA (Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene) and rubicene; with concentrations 5×10⁻⁵ M PdTPTBP and 1.5×10⁻⁴ M Rubicene, 1.5×10⁻⁴ M Perylene and 1.5×10⁻⁴ M BPEA in matrix PHD. The excitation wave length was 633-670 nm with a power of 90 mWcm⁻² on the upconverter. The upconverter had an active area of 20×20 mm², whereas the area of the DSSC was 10×10 mm²; only 5% of the upconverted photons can be collected in this set-up, such that J_(sc) is only 100 μA/cm². However, it is anticipated that by using wave guide structures, ca. 80% upconverted (UC) photons can be collected;

FIG. 19 shows examples for upconversion displays; two-dimensional displays include transparent displays in different colours, multilayer displays with one excitation source, pixelated displays with one excitation source and multilayer displays with two excitation sources, all of which can be realized in accordance with the present invention; more specifically, FIG. 19 shows transparent displays with different emission colours. The excitation is 635 nm. A) Blue upconversion couple: meso-Tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin Palladium (PdTPTBP)+Perylene; B) A green upconversion couple: PdTPTBP+(Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene) (BPEA); and C) shows a yellow upconversion couple: PdTPTBP+Rubicene;

FIG. 20 shows transparent displays as a demonstration for multilayer displays with different emission colours in the different layers. The excitation wave length is 635 nm. A) Blue upconversion couple: meso-Tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin Palladium (PdTPTBP)+Perylene and Green upconversion couple PdTPTBP+(Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene) (BPEA);

B) Blue upconversion couple: meso-Tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin Palladium (PdTPTBP)+Perylene and yellow upconversion couple: PdTPTBP+Rubicene;

C) Yellow upconversion couple: PdTPTBP+Rubicene and Green upconversion couple PdTPTBP+(Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene) (BPEA)

D) Blue upconversion couple: meso-Tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin Palladium (PdTPTBP)+Perylene and Green upconversion couple PdTPTBP+(Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene) (BPEA) and Yellow upconversion couple: PdTPTBP+Rubicene. The displays shown are highly transparent single colour displays, which can be placed with a distance in between. This may generate a three-dimensional effect whilst keeping the transparency at the same time. More than five layers are in principle possible.

FIG. 21 shows the first prototype of a pixelated display. The excitation in this example is 635 nm. The blue up-conversion couple is meso-Tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin Palladium (PdTPTBP)+Perylene; the green upconversion couple is PdTPTBP+(Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene) (BPEA);

One yellow upconversion couple is PdTPTBP+Rubicene, and another yellow upconversion couple is PdTPTBP+Rubrene.

FIG. 22 shows examples for three-dimensional displays. As a proof of principle, a point/pixel of upconverted emission, i.e. an emissive pixel is created in a three-dimensional medium for upconversion. FIG. 22 a shows the system 5×10⁻⁵M PdTPTBP+5×10⁻⁴M BPEA in PHD; the excitation beam having 6 mm in diameter is focused with a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.25 in a spot with a length of ca. 1100 μm and a height of ca. 200 μm. The excitation wave length was 685 nm with a power of 1.3 mW.

FIG. 22 b shows 2.5×10⁻⁵ M PdTPTBP+5×10⁻⁴ M BPEA in PHD. The excitation beam was 10 mm in diameter focused with a numerical aperture of 0.1 in a spot with a length of ca. 1000 μm and height of ca. 500 μm. The excitation wavelength was 685 nm, and the power was 15 mW. This is a proof-of-principle that also three-dimensional displays using the medium in accordance with the present invention are possible.

The features of the present invention disclosed in the specification, the claims and/or in the drawings may, both separately and in any combination thereof, be material for realizing the invention in various forms thereof. 

1. A medium that provides photon energy up-conversion comprising: at least two components and a matrix in which said at least two components are distributed, wherein a first component absorbs light at a first wavelength region w≦λ₁≦x, said first component functions as a sensitizer in said medium, a second component emits light at a second wavelength region y≦λ₂≦z, said second component functions as an emissive component in said medium, λ₂≦λ₁, upon absorption of light by said first component at said first wavelength region λ₁, said emissive component emits light at said second wavelength region λ₂, said first component and said second component are organic compounds, said first component and said second component are distributed in said matrix, and said matrix is a solid, a gel, or a fluid with a viscosity equal to or greater than 0.59×10⁻³ Pa·s.
 2. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said matrix is transparent with respect to electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range from 300 nm to 1600 nm.
 3. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said matrix is said fluid, and said fluid has a viscosity in a range from 0.59×10⁻³ Pa·s. to 1×10⁶ Pa·s.
 4. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said matrix is said solid with elastic, plastic, viscoelastic, or viscoplastic properties.
 5. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said matrix is an organic or inorganic glass with a viscosity in a range from 1×10³ Pa·s. to 1×10¹⁷ Pa·s.
 6. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said matrix is a viscous liquid having a viscosity ≧0.59×10⁻³ Pa·s.
 7. The medium according to claim 6, wherein said matrix is made of one or more materials selected from the following organic oligomers, said organic oligomers having a finite number of monomeric units and co-oligomers, said co-oligomers including a mixture of monomeric units, and said monomeric units including a class of substituted or non-substituted styrenes, phenylenes, phenylene diamines, phenylene diols, methyl methacrylates, phenols, acrylic acids, vinyls, lactic acids, carbohydrates, carbonates, imides, amides, olefins, olefin oxides, olefin glycols, terephthalic acids, epsilon-caprolactams, urethanes, silanes, siloxanes and substituted and functionalised forms of any of the foregoing, and any combination thereof.
 8. The medium according to claim 7, wherein said matrix includes one or more organic solvents or water to vary, adjust, and control the viscosity of said medium.
 9. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said matrix is an inorganic or organic gel having a viscosity≧1×10⁻¹ Pa·s.
 10. The medium according to claim 9, wherein said matrix is said organic gel, and said organic gel is an organic physical gel having non-covalent bonds or said organic gel is a chemical gel having covalent bonds.
 11. The medium according to claim 10, wherein said organic gel is a chemical gel being crosslinked, and said crosslinking is achieved at least by one of irradiation or addition of crosslinking chemicals.
 12. The medium according to claim 9, wherein said gel contains one or more linear and branched polymers, including poly(styrenes), (poly)phenylenes, poly(naphthalate), poly(terephthalate), poly(olefin-naphthalate) and poly(olefin-terephthalate), poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(ether imides), poly(ether ketones), poly(hydroxyl-butyrates), poly(phenylene diamines), poly(phenylene diols), poly(methyl methacrylates), poly(phenols), poly(acrylic acids), poly(vinyls), poly(lactic acids), poly(carbohydrates), poly(carbonate), poly(imide), poly(amide), olefins, poly(olefin oxides), poly(olefin glycols), poly(terephthalic acids), poly(epsilon-caprolactam), poly(urethanes), polysilanes, poly(siloxanes) and combinations, mixtures or blends of any of the foregoing.
 13. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said matrix is a solid or glass having a viscosity≧1×10³ Pa·s.
 14. The medium according to claim 13, wherein said matrix is made of a thermoplastic polymer or copolymer (block, alternating and graft copolymers) or a mixture thereof.
 15. The medium according to claim 13, wherein said matrix is made of polymer or copolymer, including block, alternating and/or graft copolymers with molecular weights from 10² to 10⁹, preferably 10³ to ca. 10⁹, including poly(styrenes), (poly)phenylenes, poly(naphthalate), poly(terephthalate), poly(olefin-naphthalate), poly(olefin-terephthalate), poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(ether imides), poly(ether ketones), poly(hydroxyl-butyrates), poly(phenylene diamines), poly(phenylene diols), poly(methyl methacrylates), poly(phenols), poly(acrylic acids), poly(vinyls), poly(lactic acids), poly(carbohydrates), poly(carbonate), poly(imide), poly(amide), olefins, poly(olefin oxides), poly(olefin glycols), poly(terephthalic acids), poly(epsilon-caprolactam), poly(urethanes), poly(silanes), poly(siloxanes), and combinations, mixtures, or blends of any of the foregoing.
 16. The medium according to claim 13, wherein said matrix is made of a thermosetting plastic.
 17. The medium according to claim 16, wherein said thermosetting plastic is selected from polyester resins, epoxy resins, acrylics, polyimides, melamine resins, and phenol-formaldehyde resins.
 18. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said matrix is made of an elastic solid.
 19. The medium according to claim 18, wherein said elastic solid is a polymer elastomer selected from polyacrylic rubbers, silicone rubbers, fluorosilicone rubbers, fluoroelastomers, perfluoroelastomers, polyether-block-amides, and olefin rubbers.
 20. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said matrix does not take part in said photon energy up-conversion process upon irradiation of said medium.
 21. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said first component is a first organic compound and said second component is a second organic compound.
 22. The medium according to claim 21, wherein said first and said second organic compounds are different compounds.
 23. The medium according to claim 21, wherein said first and said second organic compounds are carbon-containing compounds that are not hydrogen-free chalcogenide of carbon, derivative thereof, salt-like carbide, metallic carbide, or metal-carbonyl.
 24. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said first component is neither covalently bonded nor complexed to said second component.
 25. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said first component is covalently bonded or complexed to said second component.
 26. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said emissive component's emission of light at said second wavelength region λ₂ is due to an up-conversion process based on direct or sequential two-photon excitation, based on direct or sequential multi-photon excitation, or based on excitation of molecules populating high vibrational state(s), which said up-conversion process occurs upon absorption of light by said first component at said first wavelength region λ₁.
 27. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said emissive component's emission of light at said second wavelength region λ₂ is due to an up-conversion process based on at least one of a triplet-triplet annihilation process between photoexcited molecules of said emissive component, and a triplet-triplet annihilation process between photo-excited molecules of said first component.
 28. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said second wavelength region λ₂ is in a range from 360 nm to 750 nm and said first wavelength region λ₁ is in a range from 450 nm to 1600 nm.
 29. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said first component is an organic dye or molecule having a populated triplet or mixed triplet-singlet state, a two-photon-absorbing (TPA)-dye, an optical limiting compound, another molecule with a populated triplet state or an optical limiting compound.
 30. The medium according to claim 29, wherein said first component is a first organic dye and said second component is a second organic dye, and said first organic dye includes organic molecules having populated triplet states.
 31. The medium according to claim 30, wherein said first organic dye includes at least one of porphyrins, phtalocyanines, benzopyridines, benzopyrizines, quinolates and hydroxyquinolates, acetyl-acetonates, substituted benzopyridines, benzopyrizines, quinolates and hydroxyquinolates, acetyl-acetonates, and mixtures of any of the foregoing, and said second organic dye includes compounds with fluorescence emission in a range from 360 nm to 750 nm.
 32. The medium according to claim 31, wherein said porphyrins are at least one of extended porphyrins, texaphyrins, sapphyrins, orangerins, substituted porphyrins, and porphyrins containing metals, and said phthalocyanines include extended phthalocyanines, substituted phthalocyanines, and phthalocyanines containing metals.
 33. The medium according to claim 31, wherein said second organic dye is a fluorescent dye, and said fluorescent dye is at least one of anthracenes, tetracenes, pentacenes, perylenes, substituted anthracenes, tetracenes, pentacenes, perylenes, phenyl (bi-, tri-, phenyl)-bridged anthracenes, tetracenes, pentacenes, perylenes, fluorenes, thiophenes, polyfluorenes and oligofluorenes, with or without any sidechain pattern, and their copolymers, polyparaphenylenes, including polyparaphenylene vinylene and polyphenylene ethinylenes.
 34. The medium according to claim 30, wherein said first organic dye is at an energy level allowing a triplet-triplet annihilation process and a subsequent transfer of energy to an excited singlet state of said second dye.
 35. The medium according to claim 30, wherein said organic molecules are metal-organic complexes having populated triplet states.
 36. The medium according to claim 35, wherein said metal-organic complexes are organic complexes including Li, Mg, Al, Ti, V(VO), Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ru, Pd, Ag, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Pb, U(UO₂), or any combination thereof to ensure wavelength control.
 37. The medium according to claim 36, wherein said metals include Li, Mg, Al, Ti, V(VO), Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ru, Pd, Ag, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Pb, U(UO₂), and said second organic dye is a fluorescent dye with fluorescence emissions in the wavelength range from 36 nm to 750 nm.
 38. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said second component is an organic dye.
 39. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said first component is a first organic dye and said second component is a second organic dye, and said first and second organic dyes are the same.
 40. The medium according to claim 39, wherein at least one of said first and said second organic dyes include one of organic dyes with populated triplet states or with direct and/or sequential two-photon excitation, organic dyes with direct and/or multi-photon excitation, organic dyes with non-linear absorption, and organic dyes with hot-band absorption.
 41. The medium according to claim 39, wherein said first organic dye and said second organic dye are different dyes.
 42. The medium according to claim 1, wherein combinations of said first and second component are selected from: a) Green couple: DPA/PdOEP; b) Red couple: BPEA/PdTPTBP; c) Near infra red couple: BPEN/PdTPTNP; d) Direct Red-to-Blue couple: Perylene/PdTPTBP; e) Direct Infrared-to-Green couple: BPBT/PdTPTNP; and f) Infrared-to-yellow couple: Rubrene/PdTAP.
 43. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said first and said second components are homogeneously distributed within said matrix.
 44. The medium according to claim 1, wherein said first and said second components are encapsulated in particles having average dimensions in a range from 5 nm to 999 μm, and said particles are homogeneously distributed within said matrix.
 45. The medium according to claim 44, wherein said particles have average dimensions in a range from 10 nm to 999 μm.
 46. The medium according to claim 44, wherein said particles have a surface which is functionalized by functional groups to allow distribution of said particles within said matrix.
 47. The medium according to claim 46, wherein said functional groups are at least one of H, —(CH₂)_(n)CH₃, —(CH₂)_(n)—COOR, —(CH₂)_(n)—OR, —(CH₂)_(n)—SR, —(CH₂)_(n)—NR₂, —((CH₂)_(p)—O)_(n)—CH₃, with R═H, substituted or non-substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, or halogen of Cl, Br, F, I, or NO₂, NH₂, CN, SO₃H, OH.
 48. A photon-energy up-conversion device, comprising: at least one substrate; and the medium according to claim
 1. 49. The device according to claim 48, wherein said medium is deposited in one or more layers on said at least one substrate, and if deposited in more than one layer, said medium forms a multi-layer structure on said at least one substrate.
 50. The device according to claim 48, further comprising: two or more substrates between which said medium is sandwiched.
 51. The device according to claim 48, wherein said at least one substrate is a solid substrate.
 52. The device according to claim 51, wherein said substrate is at least one of glass, quartz, silicon nitride, or carbide, sheets of any of the foregoing, or said substrate is a flexible substrate.
 53. The device according to claim 48, wherein said medium is sandwiched between two glass substrates.
 54. The device according to claim 48, wherein said device is a spectrum concentrator in a solar cell, in a greenhouse, in a window, or for variable broad spectrum sources, said device is a display or said device is a temperature sensor.
 55. The device according to claim 54, wherein said spectrum concentrator is a solar spectrum concentrator, and said window is a window in a house, a car, or in another object, and said display is an emissive up-conversion laser projection display.
 56. The photon-energy up-conversion device according to claim 48, wherein said medium is deposited on or in contact with said at least one substrate.
 57. The device according to claim 56, wherein said flexible substrate is a polymer sheet or a plastic foil.
 58. A photon energy up-conversion device comprising: the medium according to claim 1, wherein said medium is formed into a desired shape.
 59. The photon-energy up-conversion device according to claim 58, wherein said desired shape is a ball, a cube, a paralleliped, or an irregularly shaped object.
 60. A method of photon energy up-conversion, the method comprising the steps of: providing a medium according to claim 1 or a device according to claim 48; and irradiating said medium or said device with electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range from 450 nm to 1600 nm.
 61. The method according to claim 56, wherein said electromagnetic radiation is any part or all of the solar spectrum. 